HISTORY:TOPIC ONE:SOURCES AND IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY
Meaning of history
History is the study of man and his activities in different times. These activities enable man to obtain his needs. Man’s basic needs are food, cloths, and shelter In general, history can also refer to an academic discipline, which uses a narrative to examine and analyze the sequences of past events, and objectively determine the patterns of cause and effect that determine them. It is the record of human activities, which enable man to survival and attain essential needs from the environment.
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HISTORY.
1. Understand how African societies were formed, how they developed and the factors that influenced this development.
2. It also allows us to develop an understanding of the events, conditions and factors that shaped the past and those, which have shaped the present conditions of the world in order to predict the future.
3. Historical knowledge makes the present comprehensive, which is why journalists and writers of sensational stories spend some time explaining the history of a particular incident; it is only when one knows the past of a person or an incident that the present can became meaningful.
4.Develop an understanding and appreciation of the cultural, political, economic and technological advancements made by African societies before and after colonial rulers.
5. Develop the basic skills of critical thinking, reasoning, judgment, empathy and effective participation in human developmental activities.
6. Studying history also helps us to understand and appreciate the efforts made and strategies used by African people to regain their independence and resist neo-colonialism
7.Develop, understand and appreciation the need for African unity, cooperation and interdependence, conflict resolution and effective participation in social, economic and political development of Africa.
8. It also helps us to develop an understanding of the relationships between African’s development problems and foreign intrusion, colonial domination, cultural subjugation and economic exploitation at various stages in history.
9. -Acquire knowledge for its own sake as you enjoy a novel with fiction, a film with an interesting plot. It is not clear why people are interested in these ventures and in the same way, people do enjoy to know the history of particular topics.
10. Develop our patriotism, history students know their heroes and heroes and traitors. This makes history a sensitive subject in places where political leaders are not sure of their legitimacy.
SOURCES OF HISTORY
Refers to the avenues that can be used to get historical information. It requires inter-disciplinary Sources of history approach in order to get the actual historical information.Therefore, the following are sources of history/historical knowledge:
a) Oral tradition
b) Historical sites
c) Written records/documents
d) Archives
e) Museums
f) Archeology
g) Audio- visual record, e.g. Cassets, Cd’s, and TV programs etc.
h) Anthropology
i) Linguistics
1. ORAL TRADITION:
This involves the passing information by word of mouth through talking and listening. Oral tradition passes historical information into two ways
a) Through culture practices like art, music, religion, riddles, songs, proverbs, superstition, poems and stories.
b) Narration of past events.
FUNCTION OF ORAL TRADITION
It preserves historical information of society
I t collects and pass historical information between generations in the society.
It helps researchers in data collection.
ADVANTAGES OF ORAL TRADITION
It preserve and reveal historical information which are not recorded
Both illiterate and literate people can obtain historical information.
Within oral tradition, there are warning and teachings.
Is the easiest and cheapest method of obtaining information.
It is live source, since it involves physical interaction.
DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL TRADITION
1. It needs much attention and power of memory
2. False information can be given by storyteller.
3. Narration of historical events are centered to those people of status i.e. Kings, Queens, Chief. White talking little about common society.
4. There is a language problem when narrator uses vernacular language.
5. It is difficult to distinguish what is real and what is imaginary information.
6. Translation is very difficult because some languages are no longer in existence.
3. HISTORICAL SITES: Are special places where by the past human remains can be found and shown to
the public. It is a place where the remains of once lived human in the past can be found.
1.They comprise man’s physical development, tools that were made and used from time to time.
2. In these areas we find /see past human products and animal bones.Examples of historical sites in Tanzania include Isimila, Olduvai George, Kondoa Irangi, Bagamoyo, Zanzibar, Kilwa, Mafia, Engaruka, Kagera etc
In Uganda Nsongezi, Biggo, Ntubi, Rusinga Island, Magosi and Ishago.
In Kenya. Lake Rudolf (Turkana), Lake Naivasha, Njoro, Olongesailie, Lake Magadi, Lamu, Mombasa and mt. Kenya
FUNCTIONS OF HISTORICAL SITES
(a) Preserves historical information for the coming generations.
(b) They are useful sources of information and to reconstruct history.
(c) They are the symbols of social cultural heritage to the society concern past human tools, rock, paints etc
DISADVANTAGES OF HISTORICAL SITES
1. They help for practical historical learning e.g. through observation of past human tools, rock, paints.
2. Used to reveal past settlement patterns, levels of technology, economic development of political organization reached by the past societies.
3. Acts as centers of tourism.
4. They helps in transforming theoretical teaching of history to practical historical learning.
5. It acts as the resource centers to researchers.
6. It provides employment opportunities e.g.: guiders
DISADVANTAGES OF HISTORICAL SITES
(i) It brings confusion to interpret the remains found in historical sites
(ii) Many of historical sites are found on remote areas hence difficult for many people to visit them.
3.ARCHAEOLOGY: This refers to the scientific study of past human remain.It is the study of material remains of man’s past through scientific methods. The one specializes in archeology is called ARCHAEOLOGIST. Archaeology involves excavations (digging) of the remains of man’s past historical sites and interpretation.
The famous archaeologist in East Africa was Dr. Louis Leaky with his wife Mary Leakey
Archaeology involves the use of carbon 14 dating to determine plants and animal remains.
FUNCTIONS OF ARCHAEOLOGY
(a) Gives important information about man through different stages.
(b) It is a useful method of revealing soil covered historical remains.
(c) It arouse curiosity of searching past man historical information.
ADVANTAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGY
(a) It helps people to know when and how people lived in a certain place.
(b) Past objects tell us about the life and culture of past people.
(c) It helps us to know and reveal the technology, pastoral, agricultural and commercial activities of the past man.
(d) Through excavation, we get knowledge of artifacts e.g. Pottery, building etc.
(e) It reveals religious beliefs of the past man
(f) We can compliment other sources of information through archaeology e.g. History
(g) We can know the past relationship between different people such as trading activities, migration,marriage, birth, death and political relation.
DISADVANTAGES OF ARCHAEOLOGY
· It consumes time because of excavation.
· It cannot reveal the past people’s language.
· It cannot give out the out reasons for historical events such as wars.
· It needs full experts and advanced technology.
· Poorly interpreted remains can bring false information
- It cannot tell anything about the past social organization
4.ARCHIVES: These are places where collection of public and private documents and old record are preserved. These documents includes personal letters, early travelers and missionary records, traders writings, personal and government files, political parties documents, etc.
FUNCTIONS OF ARCHIVES
Archives preserve public and private records that have enduring value to the society.
The public makes the records in archives available for use.
However not all records can be viewed by everyone.
Archives collect records of enduring value from various places. For example, the nation archives have records from different regions of the country.
The archives staff maintains registers of the record in the archives.
Archives have facilities for restoring damaged documents of enduring value.
Archives have facilities for restoring damaged documents of enduring value.
The historical information in the archives ensures continuity. For example, company policies from previous years can still guide the employee today.
ADVANTAGES OF ARCHIVES
Easy to identify ideas and literacy level of the past man.
It is easy to identify the exact date of historical event.
It used to store historical information.
Easy to get historical information from different places and different people.
DISADVANTAGES OF ARCHIVES
It may lead false information, if author is biased.
Illiterate people cannot get historical information.
It is not easy to get information of society whose information is not documented.
It is difficult to get remote information from archives.
It is non renewable once disrupted either by wind.
5.MUSEUMS: These are places or buildings where information and objects are preserved it involves all terms, which shows culture, political economic and technological development from the past to the present. Objects can be early coins, clothes, and mineral cowries, religious and ceremonial symbols. Museum can be national, Regional, District and village. e.g. National Museums in Dar es Salaam, Bagamoyo, Butiama, Kalenga Iringa.
FUNCTIONS OF MUSEUMS
Preserve historical documents and objects.
Shows concrete remains of objects.
It is the place for tourist and study tour.
It is the center for cultural and national identity.
ADVANTAGES OF MUSEUMS
It preserves objects, which are used as the teaching aids.
Museum preserves culture and national identity.
It used by researcher (source of information)
It acts as tourist center.
People learn about technological development.
Enable learners to arouse creativity.
DISADVANTAGES OF MUSEUMS.
It needs knowledgeable people.
It is possible to distort information through biases by the museum attendant.
Poor preservation of the past items e.g. coins, pieces of cloth, slaves chain can distort information.
It needs extensive care to maintain its beauty or origin.
6. WRITTEN RECORDS: Are the documents, which comprise written historical information. This includes books, letters, maps, magazines, journal, newspaper, minutes of meetings and conferences. Written records can be found in libraries, schools, colleges, universities, internet cafes, offices etc.
FUNCTIONS OF WRITTEN RECORDS
Written records provide pictures of society.
These records reflect public opinion at the time of writing. For example, the letter to the editor in newspaper expresses the readers’ feelings on current issues.
Written records serve as stores of a large variety of information, including discoveries, government policies, statements, religious beliefs, fashion, speeches and agreement.
In-depth reports of daily events are kept as written records. For example in a diary, newspaper or biography.
ADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN RECORDS.
· It is easy to get information.
· Easy to make references
· It is helpful in doing researches.
· They can be kept for long time.
DISADVANTAGES OF WRITTEN RECORDS
It can give false information if they are biased by the author
It is difficult to read everything from written records
They are subject to be badly written.
Illiterate people cannot get information.
7. LINGUISTICS: Is scientific study and analysis of language. It includes study of sound, structure,information and relationship between various language groups.
ADVANTAGES OF LINGUISTICS
It helps to get information from various sources.
Enables to discover links between different people.
It helps to determine dates f historical event e.g. “Aluta continua” (Period of struggle for independence in Mozambique)
LIMITATIONS OF LINGUISTICS
It consumes time and finance learning a particular language
Through translation, one can commit some important work.
The present language may be corrupted.
8. ANTHROPOLOGY: Is the study of the society’s cultural systems, beliefs, ideas etc. The study can give important information about movements, settlements and production activities of the past.
DATING HISTORICAL EVENTS
Historians usually divide time into several categories, namely
· Day – is a duration of twenty four hours (24hrs)
· A week – is a duration of seven days (7days)
· Month – is the duration of four weeks (4 weeks)
· A year – is a duration of twelve months (12 moths)
· A decade – is a duration of ten years (10 yrs)
- A century – is the duration of one hundred years (100 yrs)
· A millennium – is the duration of thousand years (1000 yrs)
· A generation – is the average differences on ages between a child and his/her parent.
· Age – is the period based on ma’s economic activities and type of tools used e.g. stone age, iron age, industrial age, science and technology age, etc.
· A period – is determined by one continuous event lasting for number of years
E.g. Period of slave trade in East Africa
Period of long distance trade Period of colonial rule in Africa Some points has chosen in order to divide time
· Year ZERO – present the year when Jesus Christ was born It is known as Anno Domino (A.D) meaning the year of the Lord
· All years before zero are called (B.C) meaning (Before Christ)
HOW TO DETERMINE DATES
Dates are instrument in a science of history; these historians divided dates into four ways;
1. Recalling events: - here important events are recalled/remembered e.g. drought, farming, floods, birth, eruption of diseases etc.
2. By studying languages: - Some names helps people to remember dates of some events. E.g., Word “Karafuu” started when Cloves were introduced in Zanzibar.
3. Carbon 14 is a scientific method of determining dates. It used in the finding dates for remains of animals or plants, which died beyond 5000 years ago. Carbon 14 is a gas found in carbon dioxide, which exists in the atmosphere. It absorbed by plant and other living organisms. When died carbon 14 that starts to decay at a fixed rate from the time of death.
4. Orders of events: ways showing order of events, period and ages, among them are-
· Time graph
· Time chart
· Time line
· Family tree
S/N
PERIOD A.D EVENTS
1 1884-1885 The Britain Conference
2 1914-1918 The first World war period
3 1939-1945 The second world war period
4 1961 Tanganyika become independent
5 1962 Tanganyika became republic
6 1992 Introduction of multipart’s in Tanzania.